The will is a kind of legal-social entity and one of the most widely used and important subjects in Islamic jurisprudence, which has been advocated and emphasized by the Islamic religion and has been discussed repeatedly by jurists and lawyers. But over time, new issues have arisen about this legal-juridical institution that needs to be further explored, while Iran's law has not discussed expeditiously, contrary to Islamic jurisprudence, and this abbreviation has led to the creation of many ambiguities that unfortunately have not been answered by lawyers. The Specificity of Wills institution; in view of the fact that the beginning of the testator assignment is related to the time after the death of testator, and at that time there is no longer any time in which to decide on the issues of authority in the task of determining and deciding; caused doubling the importance and necessity of the discussion about the assignment of these ambiguities. In the present study, the traits and requirements for the Executor will be known and different views will be examined in this regard, after which the guarantee for the lack of necessary conditions and the valid time for having them, will be determined. Eventually the result of the research is that in addition to the general conditions, the Executor must be sure and trustworthy and, in some cases, be Muslim, and the existence of other conditions in him (except in the manner specified by testator) is not necessary.

Estimates of combining ability are useful in determining the value of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) lines in producing new hybrids with high yield and better quality. This research was conducted to estimate the general combining ability (GCA), Specific combining ability (SCA), and heterosis for five inbred lines chosen for watermelon breeding at the University of Guilan, Iran. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among hybrids for fruit weight and the number of lateral branches per plant. The GCA and SCA effects were significant for fruit weight and the number of lateral branches, which indicates the existence of both additive and dominance effects in controlling these two traits. The low narrow sense heritability indicated the smaller impact of additive gene action on fruit weight and the number of lateral branches in watermelon. However, broad sense heritability was high for fruit weight (0.69) and the number of lateral branches (8.88). The large gap between the broad sense heritability and narrow sense heritability indicated the importance of dominance effects in controlling the fruit weight and the number of lateral branches compared to additive effects. These results justify the development of hybrid varieties to exploit the dominance genetic effects in watermelon. The highest fruit weight and the number of lateral branches belonged to the S × Red cross. The highest SCA for the fruit weight was associated with the cross An × S. The cross S × Red had the highest SCA for the number of lateral branches. The high-parent heterosis was also higher in the cross S × Red for these traits. In conclusion, the hybrid S × Red may be proposed for the production of a hybrid variety in watermelon. However, crossing among various genotypes to produce new inbred lines seems necessary for the hybrid breeding program of watermelons in Iran.

In this study, numerous crosses were initially performed between male and female parents of two poplar species, P. euphratica Oliv. and P. alba L.. Aseptic immature hybrid embryos were cultured on MS medium to produce hybrid seedlings. Several morphologic and micro-morphologic characteristics of a great number of three year-old seedlings of new genotypes based on six half-sib families were recorded with three replications, with the aim to assess possible potentials of the hybrids between the two species. An additional goal was to compare the hybrids of P. alba as either male or female parents. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the families. Two crossings, P. alba × P.euphratica and P. euphratica × P. alba, formed two distinct groups for some of the characteristics which partially implied maternal effects of inheritance on the traits. Range of the attributes was significantly wide, as for example the progenies varied between 24 and 424 cm of height. The most noticeable difference was observed on stomata characters. The hybrids with the two species as their female parent showed significantly different behaviors on several traits. The total average of leaf upper side stomata number was 123 for the crosses with P. euphratica as female parent, whereas the value was 4.8 in the crosses with P. alba as female parent. The variation might be beneficial is selecting superior genotypes to introduce new poplar varieties.

To achieve favorable outcomes in breeding programs, selection of parents based on General Combining Ability (GCA) and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) is so important. In order to study the genetic parameters, general and Specific combining abilities and the type of disease resistance genes action against take-all disease in bread wheat, 6 wheat genotypes (729, 1622, 2109, 1528, 1546 and 1526) were crossed in one-way diallel cross. Seeds of F1 generations (F1s) and parents were planted in the research greenhouse of Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran and take-all disease tolerance, stem and root dry weights, tiller number and elements such as manganese (Mn), zink (Zn), potassium (K) and iron (Fe) concentrations in plant tissue were measured. The results of Griffing analysis showed that general and Specific combining abilities were significant for all traits except tiller number and K element. In terms of Take-all disease resistance, the best general combiners were 1622 and 729 genotypes, respectively. The best resistant hybrids were 2109×1546, 546×1528 and 1622×1526 that had the highest Specific combining ability. Evaluation of genetic parameters by Hayman method for disease index and disease score confirmed the results of Griffing analysis and showed that the dominance and over dominance of gene actions had the greatest importance in genetic control of the resistance to take-all disease (T-41 isolation). Finally, due to low narrow sense heritability and low genetic ratio in resistance to take-all disease, it can be concluded that selection for resistance to take-all disease does not respond well in early generations, so selection after purity, that done by bulk, single-seed descent and double haploid methods can be effective in wheat breeding.

To determine the general and Specific combining ability of the parental lines, five restorers and four male sterility lines were selected as lines and testers respectively. Nine parental lines were crossed in a Line x Tester crossing system in year 2005 and the eight F1 hybrids and their six parents in Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) in two replications for yield, yield components and major qualitative characters. The effect of GCA was negative and significant for grain yield in line No.2 (Sepidrood), and in line SA14R, it was positive and significant for grain yield. The effect of SCA was positive and significant for grain yield in four hybrids of IR58025A/IR62030R, IR79124A1SA13R, IR79124A ISA14R and SA15A /Sepidrood. Two hybrids (IR79124A1 SA13R and IR79124A/SA14R) had the highest grain yield with 10.4 and 11.5 t/ha respectively. These combinations were recommended for hybrid seed production in of Gilan province.

Introduction: Disorders in the expression of any gene effective in spermatogenic pathway is known as a probable cause of non-obstructive azoospermia and male infertility. The way responsible genes for sperm motility are expressed can considerably affect male fertility. Recent studies show that TSGA10 gene is effective in the natural process of spermatogenesis as protein produced by this gene in mouse results in the production of the main structure of sperm tail. Up to now, no comprehensive studies have been done on the way this gene is expressed in the infertile's testical tissue.Materials & Methods: In this study, TSGA10 mRNA expression in testicular samples of 84 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia was investigated by semi-quantitative nested RT-PCR in Avesina Infertility Clinic during 2005-6. Moreover, expression levels of TSGA10 during spermatogenesis were evaluated using Johnsen's method for histopathologic scoring of the samples. For statistical analysis, SPSS software (Version 11.2) was used. The difference between gene expressions was done based on quantitative variables by the use of t-test and covariance analysis and α<0.05 was regarded as a statistically significant value.Results: Testicular TSGA10 mRNA expression was observed in 31 patients, (36.9%), with non-obstructive azoospermia which it had a statistically significant correlation with spermatogenesis progress (p<000.0). Histopathologically, the gene had been expressed in patients with higher Johnsen's score of spermatogenesis while a lack of expression was seen in all of those with Johnsen's score less than 4.5.Conclusion: The findings indicate that TSGA10 is expressed in human testis and it is restricted to germ cells. It seems that lack of TSGA10 expression may have negative effects on spermatogenesis and on male fertility. On the other hand, determination of the timing of gene expression in a certain level of spermatogenesis may also be used to determine levels of spermatogenesis in azoospermic patients alongside histopathological findings.